R Biplot Psych
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*R Biplot Psychology
*How To Interpret Pca Biplot
*R Pca Biplot
*R Biplot Psychiatrist
Fit: The results from a factor analysis fa, components analysis principal, omega reliability analysis, omega, cluster analysis iclust or confirmatory factor analysis, cfa, or structural equation model,sem, using the lavaan package. Package ‘psycho’ January 19, 2021 Type Package Title Efficient and Publishing-Oriented Workflow for Psychological Science Version 0.6.1 Maintainer Dominique Makowski.Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and PersonalityResearch
Rotations and transformations are either part of psych (Promax and cluster), of base R (varimax), or of GPArotation (simplimax, quartimax, oblimin, etc.). Of the various rotation/transformation options, varimax, Varimax, quartimax, bentlerT, geominT, and bifactor do orthogonal rotations. Mera qasoor episode 48. Uses the generic biplot function to take the output of a factor analysis fa, fa.poly or principal components analysis principal and plot the factor/component scores along with the factor/component loadings. Ggbiplot(pcobj, choices = 1:2, scale = 1, pc.biplot = TRUE, obs.scale = 1 - scale, var.scale = scale) scale = covariance biplot (scale = 1), form biplot (scale = 0). When scale = 1, the inner product between the variables approximates the covariance and the distance between the points approximates the Mahalanobis distance.
A general purpose toolbox for personality, psychometric theory and experimental psychology. Functions are primarily for multivariate analysis and scale construction using factor analysis, principal component analysis, cluster analysis and reliability analysis, although others provide basic descriptive statistics. Item Response Theory is done using factor analysis of tetrachoric and polychoric correlations. Functions for analyzing data at multiple levels include within and between group statistics, including correlations and factor analysis. Functions for simulating and testing particular item and test structures are included. Several functions serve as a useful front end for structural equation modeling. Graphical displays of path diagrams, factor analysis and structural equation models are created using basic graphics. Some of the functions are written to support a book on psychometric theory as well as publications in personality research. For more information, see the <https://personality-project.org/r/> web page.
Functions in psych Name Description GorsuchExample data set from Gorsuch (1997) for an example factor extension.GarciaData from the sexism (protest) study of Garcia, Schmitt, Branscome, and Ellemers (2010)GleserExample data from Gleser, Cronbach and Rajaratnam (1965) to show basic principles of generalizability theory.AUCDecision Theory measures of specificity, sensitivity, and d primeICCIntraclass Correlations (ICC1, ICC2, ICC3 from Shrout and Fleiss)HarmanFive data sets from Harman (1967). 9 cognitive variables from Holzinger and 8 emotional variables from BurtICLUST.graphcreate control code for ICLUST graphical output00.psychA package for personality, psychometric, and psychological researchICLUST.clusterFunction to form hierarchical cluster analysis of itemsICLUST.sortSort items by absolute size of cluster loadingsKMOFind the Kaiser, Meyer, Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacyiclusticlust: Item Cluster Analysis -- Hierarchical cluster analysis using psychometric principlesICLUST.rgraphDraw an ICLUST graph using the Rgraphviz packageSchmid12 variables created by Schmid and Leiman to show the Schmid-Leiman TransformationSDFind the Standard deviation for a vector, matrix, or data.frame - do not return error if there are no casesPromaxPerform Procustes,bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.VSSApply the Very Simple Structure, MAP, and other criteria to determine the appropriate number of factors.VSS.parallelCompare real and random VSS solutionsPinvCompute the Moore-Penrose Pseudo Inverse of a matrixTucker9 Cognitive variables discussed by Tucker and Lewis (1973)BechtoldtSeven data sets showing a bifactor solution.bfi25 Personality items representing 5 factorsbassAckwardThe Bass-Ackward factoring algorithm discussed by Goldberganova.psychModel comparison for regression, mediation, and factor analysisbi.barsDraw pairs of bargraphs based on two groupsVSS.plotPlot VSS fitsYuleFrom a two by two table, find the Yule coefficients of association, convert to phi, or tetrachoric, recreate table the table to create the Yule coefficient.bestScalesA bootstrap aggregation function for choosing most predictive unit weighted itemsbockBock and Liberman (1970) data set of 1000 observations of the LSATcattell12 cognitive variables from Cattell (1963)VSS.screePlot the successive eigen values for a scree testbiplot.psychDraw biplots of factor or component scores by factor or component loadingsalphaFind two estimates of reliability: Cronbach’s alpha and Guttman’s Lambda 6.block.randomCreate a block randomized structure for n independent variablescirc.testsApply four tests of circumplex versus simple structurecluster.plotPlot factor/cluster loadings and assign items to clusters by their highest loading.scoreOverlapFind correlations of composite variables (corrected for overlap) from a larger matrix.cluster2keysConvert a cluster vector (from e.g., kmeans) to a keys matrix suitable for scoring item clusters.cluster.fitcluster Fit: fit of the cluster model to a correlation matrixcor.smoothSmooth a non-positive definite correlation matrix to make it positive definitecorr.testFind the correlations, sample sizes, and probability values between elements of a matrix or data.frame.cluster.loadingsFind item by cluster correlations, corrected for overlap and reliabilitycor.wtThe sample size weighted correlation may be used in correlating aggregated datacorCiBootstrapped and normal confidence intervals for raw and composite correlationscor.plotCreate an image plot for a correlation or factor matrixcomorbidityConvert base rates of two diagnoses and their comorbidity into phi, Yule, and tetrachoricscohen.dFind Cohen d and confidence intervalscorrect.corFind dis-attenuated correlations given correlations and reliabilitiescorFimlFind a Full Information Maximum Likelihood (FIML) correlation or covariance matrix from a data matrix with missing datacor2distConvert correlations to distances (necessary to do multidimensional scaling of correlation data)ctaSimulate the C(ues) T(endency) A(ction) model of motivationdensityByCreate a ’violin plot’ or density plot of the distribution of a set of variablescortest.matChi square tests of whether a single matrix is an identity matrix, or a pair of matrices are equal.cortest.bartlettBartlett’s test that a correlation matrix is an identity matrixdiagramHelper functions for drawing path model diagramsfa.polyDeprecated Exploratory Factor analysis functions. Please use fadescribeByBasic summary statistics by groupdescribeBasic descriptive statistics useful for psychometricsellipsesPlot data and 1 and 2 sigma correlation ellipseserror.dotsShow a dot.chart with error bars for different groups or variableserror.crossesPlot x and y error barserror.barsPlot means and confidence intervalsDwyer8 cognitive variables used by Dwyer for an example.error.bars.byPlot means and confidence intervals for multiple groupseigen.loadingsConvert eigen vectors and eigen values to the more normal (for psychologists) component loadingserrorCirclesTwo way plots of means, error bars, and sample sizescosinorFunctions for analysis of circadian or diurnal datapairwiseCountCount number of pairwise cases for a data set with missing (NA) data and impute values.draw.tetraDraw a correlation ellipse and two normal curves to demonstrate tetrachoric correlationdummy.codeCreate dummy coded variablesfa.multiMulti level (hierarchical) factor analysisfa.lookupA set of functions for factorial and empirical scale constructionfa.diagramGraph factor loading matricesfa.parallelScree plots of data or correlation matrix compared to random ``parallel’ matricesfaCorCorrelations between two factor analysis solutionsfa.randomA first approximation to Random Effects Exploratory Factor Analysisfactor.congruenceCoefficient of factor congruenceesemPerform and Exploratory Structural Equation Model (ESEM) by using factor extension techniquesfactor.modelFind R = F F’ + U2 is the basic factor modelfactor.fitHow well does the factor model fit a correlation matrix. Part of the VSS packagefaExploratory Factor analysis using MinRes (minimum residual) as well as EFA by Principal Axis, Weighted Least Squares or Maximum Likelihoodfa.sortSort factor analysis or principal components analysis loadingsfa.extensionApply Dwyer’s factor extension to find factor loadings for extended variablesfactor.statsFind various goodness of fit statistics for factor analysis and principal componentsfactor.residualsR* = R- F F’headTailCombine calls to head and tailirt.item.diff.raschSimple function to estimate item difficulties using IRT conceptsfparseParse and exten formula input from a model and return the DV, IV, and associated terms.glb.algebraicFind the greatest lower bound to reliability.fisherzTransformations of r, d, and t including Fisher r to z and z to r and confidence intervalsfactor2clusterExtract cluster definitions from factor loadingsgeometric.meanFind the geometric mean of a vector or columns of a data.frame.cohen.kappaFind Cohen’s kappa and weighted kappa coefficients for correlation of two ratersmanhattan’Manhattan’ plots of correlations with a set of criteria.irt.1pItem Response Theory estimate of theta (ability) using a Rasch (like) modelmat.sortSort the elements of a correlation matrix to reflect factor loadingslowerUpperCombine two square matrices to have a lower off diagonal for one, upper off diagonal for the otherfactor.rotate``Hand’ rotate a factor loading matrixmediateEstimate and display direct and indirect effects of mediators and moderator in path modelsiclust.diagramDraw an ICLUST hierarchical cluster structure diagramlogisticLogistic transform from x to p and logit transform from p to xmake.keysCreate a keys matrix for use by score.items or cluster.corharmonic.meanFind the harmonic mean of a vector, matrix, or columns of a data.framematrix.additionA function to add two vectors or matricessplitHalfAlternative estimates of test reliabiitymultilevel.reliabilityFind and plot various reliability/gneralizability coefficients for multilevel dataomegaCalculate McDonald’s omega estimates of general and total factor saturationfactor.scoresVarious ways to estimate factor scores for the factor analysis modelomega.graphGraph hierarchical factor structuresoutlierFind and graph Mahalanobis squared distances to detect outlierskaiserApply the Kaiser normalization when rotating factorsirt.responsesPlot probability of multiple choice responses as a function of a latent traitplot.psychPlotting functions for the psych package of class ``psych’interp.medianFind the interpolated sample median, quartiles, or specific quantiles for a vector, matrix, or data framepsych.miscMiscellaneous helper functions for the psych packagep.repFind the probability of replication for an F, t, or r and estimate effect sizepaired.rTest the difference between (un)paired correlationspairs.panelsSPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrixirt.faItem Response Analysis by Exploratory Factor Analysis of tetrachoric/polychoric correlationsphi.demoA simple demonstration of the Pearson, phi, and polychoric corelationphi2tetraConvert a phi coefficient to a tetrachoric correlationmixedCorFind correlations for mixtures of continuous, polytomous, and dichotomous variablespredict.psychPrediction function for factor analysis, principal components (pca), bestScalespolychor.matrixPhi or Yule coefficient matrix to polychoric coefficient matrixpolarConvert Cartesian factor loadings into polar coordinatessat.act3 Measures of ability: SATV, SATQ, ACTreverse.codeReverse the coding of selected items prior to scale analysisscaling.fitsTest the adequacy of simple choice, logistic, or Thurstonian scaling.scatterHistDraw a scatter plot with associated X and Y histograms, densities and correlationprint.psychPrint and summary functions for the psych classpartial.rFind the partial correlations for a set (x) of variables with set (y) removed.principalPrincipal components analysis (PCA)parcelsFind miniscales (parcels) of size 2 or 3 from a set of itemsrangeCorrectionCorrect correlations for restriction of range. (Thorndike Case 2)r.testTests of significance for correlationsphiFind the phi coefficient of correlation between two dichotomous variablesresiduals.psychExtract residuals from various psych objectsmulti.histMultiple histograms with density and normal fits on one pagemssdFind von Neuman’s Mean Square of Successive DifferencesrescaleFunction to convert scores to ``conventional’ metricsscore.multiple.choiceScore multiple choice items and provide basic test statisticsscrubA utility for basic data cleaning and recoding. Changes values outside of minimum and maximum limits to NA.setCorMultiple Regression and Set Correlation from matrix or raw inputschmidApply the Schmid Leiman transformation to a correlation matrixscore.alphaScore scales and find Cronbach’s alpha as well as associated statisticsscoreWtdScore items using regression or correlation based weightssimFunctions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.scoreIrtFind Item Response Theory (IRT) based scores for dichotomous or polytomous itemsscoreItemsScore item composite scales and find Cronbach’s alpha, Guttman lambda 6 and item whole correlationssim.VSScreate VSS like datasimulation.circSimulations of circumplex and simple structuresim.structureCreate correlation matrices or data matrices with a particular measurement and structural modelsim.multilevelSimulate multilevel data with specified within group and between group correlationssim.anovaSimulate a 3 way balanced ANOVA or linear model, with or without repeated measures.smcFind the Squared Multiple Correlation (SMC) of each variable with the remaining variables in a matrixSpenglerProject Talent data set from Marion Spengler and Rodica DamianmardiaCalculate univariate or multivariate (Mardia’s test) skew and kurtosis for a vector, matrix, or data.framesim.congenericSimulate a congeneric data setsim.hierarchicalCreate a population or sample correlation matrix, perhaps with hierarchical structure.sim.itemGenerate simulated data structures for circumplex, spherical, or simple structuretest.psychTesting of functions in the psych packageTal_OrData set testing causal direction in presumed media influencetest.irtA simple demonstration (and test) of various IRT scoring algorthims.testRetestFind various test-retest statistics, including test, person and item reliabilitystatsByFind statistics (including correlations) within and between groups for basic multilevel analysesstructure.listCreate factor model matrices from an input liststructure.diagramDraw a structural equation model specified by two measurement models and a structural modelspiderMake ’radar’ or ’spider’ plots.superMatrixForm a super matrix from two sub matrices.table2matrixConvert a table with counts to a matrix or data.frame representing those counts.unidimSeveral indices of the unidimensionality of a set of variables.withinBetweenAn example of the distinction between within group and between group correlationstrFind the trace of a square matrixwinsorFind the Winsorized scores, means, sds or variances for a vector, matrix, or data.frametetrachoricTetrachoric, polychoric, biserial and polyserial correlations from various types of inputthurstoneThurstone Case V scalingNo Results!Vignettes of psych Name intro.Rnwoverview.RnwNo Results!Last month downloadsDetailsDate2020-12-14LicenseGPL (>= 2)LazyDatayesByteCompileTRUEURLNeedsCompilationnoPackaged2020-12-16 00:46:41 UTC; WRRepositoryCRANDate/Publication2020-12-16 16:10:03 UTCR Biplot Psychologysuggests GPArotation , graph , lavaan , lme4 , psychTools , Rcsdp , Rgraphviz imports graphics , grDevices , lattice , methods , mnormt , nlme , parallel , stats ContributorsInclude our badge in your READMEHow To Interpret Pca Biplot
[](http://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/psych)
Hi,
I have a prcomp object (generated using the prcomp function) and I am trying to generate a biplot using ggbiplot, however I am confused about the different scaling options and their impact on the meaning of the plot.
scale = covariance biplot (scale = 1), form biplot (scale = 0). When scale = 1, the inner product between the variables approximates the covariance and the distance between the points approximates the Mahalanobis distance.
obs.scale = scale factor to apply to observations
var.scale = scale factor to apply to variablesR Pca Biplot
I am not sure which of these scaling options I should choose for a prcomp object? I have seen lots of people set obs.scale = 1 and var.scale = 1, but I don’t understand the reason for this.R Biplot Psychiatrist
What does the line length and angle actually correspond to in a biplot? I get the general idea that a high value on PC1 indicates that the variable has a strong influence on PC1 whilst a small value indicates a small influence. And that if the arrow is pointing to the right, then that variable has a positive impact on the PC.
The life cycle of sloths of the Genus Choloepus and Genus Bradypus are different. The gestation period for a three toed lasts for 150 days while that of a two toed sloth is about 12 months. Sloths give birth while hanging in the trees. Sloths, members of the order Pilosa and related to anteaters, are some of the world’s slowest mammals. They are categorized in two families: Megalonychidae (two-toed sloths) and Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths). Despite this taxonomic distinction, all sloths have similar life cycles. However, for the most part, three-toed sloths and two-toed sloths have similar life cycles. The life expectancy of a sloth varies among the different types of sloth species, however, on average, most live for about 20 years in the wild, though up to 30 years of age is not unusual. A sloths life cycle. Life cycle of a sloth - SlOTH’S sloths have a gestation of 10-12 months. They typically have one baby at a time, and the baby will cling to its mother for about 6 months, but stays near its mother for about 1 year. Sloths live for about 20 years, but in captivity they can live into their thirties. Newborn sloths cling to the mother’s abdomen and remain with the mother until at least five months of age. Three-toed sloths are so difficult to maintain in captivity that little is known about their breeding behaviour and other aspects of their life history.
Thanks for the help!!
Best wishes,
Lucy
Register here: http://gg.gg/vwfyk
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*R Biplot Psychology
*How To Interpret Pca Biplot
*R Pca Biplot
*R Biplot Psychiatrist
Fit: The results from a factor analysis fa, components analysis principal, omega reliability analysis, omega, cluster analysis iclust or confirmatory factor analysis, cfa, or structural equation model,sem, using the lavaan package. Package ‘psycho’ January 19, 2021 Type Package Title Efficient and Publishing-Oriented Workflow for Psychological Science Version 0.6.1 Maintainer Dominique Makowski.Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and PersonalityResearch
Rotations and transformations are either part of psych (Promax and cluster), of base R (varimax), or of GPArotation (simplimax, quartimax, oblimin, etc.). Of the various rotation/transformation options, varimax, Varimax, quartimax, bentlerT, geominT, and bifactor do orthogonal rotations. Mera qasoor episode 48. Uses the generic biplot function to take the output of a factor analysis fa, fa.poly or principal components analysis principal and plot the factor/component scores along with the factor/component loadings. Ggbiplot(pcobj, choices = 1:2, scale = 1, pc.biplot = TRUE, obs.scale = 1 - scale, var.scale = scale) scale = covariance biplot (scale = 1), form biplot (scale = 0). When scale = 1, the inner product between the variables approximates the covariance and the distance between the points approximates the Mahalanobis distance.
A general purpose toolbox for personality, psychometric theory and experimental psychology. Functions are primarily for multivariate analysis and scale construction using factor analysis, principal component analysis, cluster analysis and reliability analysis, although others provide basic descriptive statistics. Item Response Theory is done using factor analysis of tetrachoric and polychoric correlations. Functions for analyzing data at multiple levels include within and between group statistics, including correlations and factor analysis. Functions for simulating and testing particular item and test structures are included. Several functions serve as a useful front end for structural equation modeling. Graphical displays of path diagrams, factor analysis and structural equation models are created using basic graphics. Some of the functions are written to support a book on psychometric theory as well as publications in personality research. For more information, see the <https://personality-project.org/r/> web page.
Functions in psych Name Description GorsuchExample data set from Gorsuch (1997) for an example factor extension.GarciaData from the sexism (protest) study of Garcia, Schmitt, Branscome, and Ellemers (2010)GleserExample data from Gleser, Cronbach and Rajaratnam (1965) to show basic principles of generalizability theory.AUCDecision Theory measures of specificity, sensitivity, and d primeICCIntraclass Correlations (ICC1, ICC2, ICC3 from Shrout and Fleiss)HarmanFive data sets from Harman (1967). 9 cognitive variables from Holzinger and 8 emotional variables from BurtICLUST.graphcreate control code for ICLUST graphical output00.psychA package for personality, psychometric, and psychological researchICLUST.clusterFunction to form hierarchical cluster analysis of itemsICLUST.sortSort items by absolute size of cluster loadingsKMOFind the Kaiser, Meyer, Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacyiclusticlust: Item Cluster Analysis -- Hierarchical cluster analysis using psychometric principlesICLUST.rgraphDraw an ICLUST graph using the Rgraphviz packageSchmid12 variables created by Schmid and Leiman to show the Schmid-Leiman TransformationSDFind the Standard deviation for a vector, matrix, or data.frame - do not return error if there are no casesPromaxPerform Procustes,bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.VSSApply the Very Simple Structure, MAP, and other criteria to determine the appropriate number of factors.VSS.parallelCompare real and random VSS solutionsPinvCompute the Moore-Penrose Pseudo Inverse of a matrixTucker9 Cognitive variables discussed by Tucker and Lewis (1973)BechtoldtSeven data sets showing a bifactor solution.bfi25 Personality items representing 5 factorsbassAckwardThe Bass-Ackward factoring algorithm discussed by Goldberganova.psychModel comparison for regression, mediation, and factor analysisbi.barsDraw pairs of bargraphs based on two groupsVSS.plotPlot VSS fitsYuleFrom a two by two table, find the Yule coefficients of association, convert to phi, or tetrachoric, recreate table the table to create the Yule coefficient.bestScalesA bootstrap aggregation function for choosing most predictive unit weighted itemsbockBock and Liberman (1970) data set of 1000 observations of the LSATcattell12 cognitive variables from Cattell (1963)VSS.screePlot the successive eigen values for a scree testbiplot.psychDraw biplots of factor or component scores by factor or component loadingsalphaFind two estimates of reliability: Cronbach’s alpha and Guttman’s Lambda 6.block.randomCreate a block randomized structure for n independent variablescirc.testsApply four tests of circumplex versus simple structurecluster.plotPlot factor/cluster loadings and assign items to clusters by their highest loading.scoreOverlapFind correlations of composite variables (corrected for overlap) from a larger matrix.cluster2keysConvert a cluster vector (from e.g., kmeans) to a keys matrix suitable for scoring item clusters.cluster.fitcluster Fit: fit of the cluster model to a correlation matrixcor.smoothSmooth a non-positive definite correlation matrix to make it positive definitecorr.testFind the correlations, sample sizes, and probability values between elements of a matrix or data.frame.cluster.loadingsFind item by cluster correlations, corrected for overlap and reliabilitycor.wtThe sample size weighted correlation may be used in correlating aggregated datacorCiBootstrapped and normal confidence intervals for raw and composite correlationscor.plotCreate an image plot for a correlation or factor matrixcomorbidityConvert base rates of two diagnoses and their comorbidity into phi, Yule, and tetrachoricscohen.dFind Cohen d and confidence intervalscorrect.corFind dis-attenuated correlations given correlations and reliabilitiescorFimlFind a Full Information Maximum Likelihood (FIML) correlation or covariance matrix from a data matrix with missing datacor2distConvert correlations to distances (necessary to do multidimensional scaling of correlation data)ctaSimulate the C(ues) T(endency) A(ction) model of motivationdensityByCreate a ’violin plot’ or density plot of the distribution of a set of variablescortest.matChi square tests of whether a single matrix is an identity matrix, or a pair of matrices are equal.cortest.bartlettBartlett’s test that a correlation matrix is an identity matrixdiagramHelper functions for drawing path model diagramsfa.polyDeprecated Exploratory Factor analysis functions. Please use fadescribeByBasic summary statistics by groupdescribeBasic descriptive statistics useful for psychometricsellipsesPlot data and 1 and 2 sigma correlation ellipseserror.dotsShow a dot.chart with error bars for different groups or variableserror.crossesPlot x and y error barserror.barsPlot means and confidence intervalsDwyer8 cognitive variables used by Dwyer for an example.error.bars.byPlot means and confidence intervals for multiple groupseigen.loadingsConvert eigen vectors and eigen values to the more normal (for psychologists) component loadingserrorCirclesTwo way plots of means, error bars, and sample sizescosinorFunctions for analysis of circadian or diurnal datapairwiseCountCount number of pairwise cases for a data set with missing (NA) data and impute values.draw.tetraDraw a correlation ellipse and two normal curves to demonstrate tetrachoric correlationdummy.codeCreate dummy coded variablesfa.multiMulti level (hierarchical) factor analysisfa.lookupA set of functions for factorial and empirical scale constructionfa.diagramGraph factor loading matricesfa.parallelScree plots of data or correlation matrix compared to random ``parallel’ matricesfaCorCorrelations between two factor analysis solutionsfa.randomA first approximation to Random Effects Exploratory Factor Analysisfactor.congruenceCoefficient of factor congruenceesemPerform and Exploratory Structural Equation Model (ESEM) by using factor extension techniquesfactor.modelFind R = F F’ + U2 is the basic factor modelfactor.fitHow well does the factor model fit a correlation matrix. Part of the VSS packagefaExploratory Factor analysis using MinRes (minimum residual) as well as EFA by Principal Axis, Weighted Least Squares or Maximum Likelihoodfa.sortSort factor analysis or principal components analysis loadingsfa.extensionApply Dwyer’s factor extension to find factor loadings for extended variablesfactor.statsFind various goodness of fit statistics for factor analysis and principal componentsfactor.residualsR* = R- F F’headTailCombine calls to head and tailirt.item.diff.raschSimple function to estimate item difficulties using IRT conceptsfparseParse and exten formula input from a model and return the DV, IV, and associated terms.glb.algebraicFind the greatest lower bound to reliability.fisherzTransformations of r, d, and t including Fisher r to z and z to r and confidence intervalsfactor2clusterExtract cluster definitions from factor loadingsgeometric.meanFind the geometric mean of a vector or columns of a data.frame.cohen.kappaFind Cohen’s kappa and weighted kappa coefficients for correlation of two ratersmanhattan’Manhattan’ plots of correlations with a set of criteria.irt.1pItem Response Theory estimate of theta (ability) using a Rasch (like) modelmat.sortSort the elements of a correlation matrix to reflect factor loadingslowerUpperCombine two square matrices to have a lower off diagonal for one, upper off diagonal for the otherfactor.rotate``Hand’ rotate a factor loading matrixmediateEstimate and display direct and indirect effects of mediators and moderator in path modelsiclust.diagramDraw an ICLUST hierarchical cluster structure diagramlogisticLogistic transform from x to p and logit transform from p to xmake.keysCreate a keys matrix for use by score.items or cluster.corharmonic.meanFind the harmonic mean of a vector, matrix, or columns of a data.framematrix.additionA function to add two vectors or matricessplitHalfAlternative estimates of test reliabiitymultilevel.reliabilityFind and plot various reliability/gneralizability coefficients for multilevel dataomegaCalculate McDonald’s omega estimates of general and total factor saturationfactor.scoresVarious ways to estimate factor scores for the factor analysis modelomega.graphGraph hierarchical factor structuresoutlierFind and graph Mahalanobis squared distances to detect outlierskaiserApply the Kaiser normalization when rotating factorsirt.responsesPlot probability of multiple choice responses as a function of a latent traitplot.psychPlotting functions for the psych package of class ``psych’interp.medianFind the interpolated sample median, quartiles, or specific quantiles for a vector, matrix, or data framepsych.miscMiscellaneous helper functions for the psych packagep.repFind the probability of replication for an F, t, or r and estimate effect sizepaired.rTest the difference between (un)paired correlationspairs.panelsSPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrixirt.faItem Response Analysis by Exploratory Factor Analysis of tetrachoric/polychoric correlationsphi.demoA simple demonstration of the Pearson, phi, and polychoric corelationphi2tetraConvert a phi coefficient to a tetrachoric correlationmixedCorFind correlations for mixtures of continuous, polytomous, and dichotomous variablespredict.psychPrediction function for factor analysis, principal components (pca), bestScalespolychor.matrixPhi or Yule coefficient matrix to polychoric coefficient matrixpolarConvert Cartesian factor loadings into polar coordinatessat.act3 Measures of ability: SATV, SATQ, ACTreverse.codeReverse the coding of selected items prior to scale analysisscaling.fitsTest the adequacy of simple choice, logistic, or Thurstonian scaling.scatterHistDraw a scatter plot with associated X and Y histograms, densities and correlationprint.psychPrint and summary functions for the psych classpartial.rFind the partial correlations for a set (x) of variables with set (y) removed.principalPrincipal components analysis (PCA)parcelsFind miniscales (parcels) of size 2 or 3 from a set of itemsrangeCorrectionCorrect correlations for restriction of range. (Thorndike Case 2)r.testTests of significance for correlationsphiFind the phi coefficient of correlation between two dichotomous variablesresiduals.psychExtract residuals from various psych objectsmulti.histMultiple histograms with density and normal fits on one pagemssdFind von Neuman’s Mean Square of Successive DifferencesrescaleFunction to convert scores to ``conventional’ metricsscore.multiple.choiceScore multiple choice items and provide basic test statisticsscrubA utility for basic data cleaning and recoding. Changes values outside of minimum and maximum limits to NA.setCorMultiple Regression and Set Correlation from matrix or raw inputschmidApply the Schmid Leiman transformation to a correlation matrixscore.alphaScore scales and find Cronbach’s alpha as well as associated statisticsscoreWtdScore items using regression or correlation based weightssimFunctions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.scoreIrtFind Item Response Theory (IRT) based scores for dichotomous or polytomous itemsscoreItemsScore item composite scales and find Cronbach’s alpha, Guttman lambda 6 and item whole correlationssim.VSScreate VSS like datasimulation.circSimulations of circumplex and simple structuresim.structureCreate correlation matrices or data matrices with a particular measurement and structural modelsim.multilevelSimulate multilevel data with specified within group and between group correlationssim.anovaSimulate a 3 way balanced ANOVA or linear model, with or without repeated measures.smcFind the Squared Multiple Correlation (SMC) of each variable with the remaining variables in a matrixSpenglerProject Talent data set from Marion Spengler and Rodica DamianmardiaCalculate univariate or multivariate (Mardia’s test) skew and kurtosis for a vector, matrix, or data.framesim.congenericSimulate a congeneric data setsim.hierarchicalCreate a population or sample correlation matrix, perhaps with hierarchical structure.sim.itemGenerate simulated data structures for circumplex, spherical, or simple structuretest.psychTesting of functions in the psych packageTal_OrData set testing causal direction in presumed media influencetest.irtA simple demonstration (and test) of various IRT scoring algorthims.testRetestFind various test-retest statistics, including test, person and item reliabilitystatsByFind statistics (including correlations) within and between groups for basic multilevel analysesstructure.listCreate factor model matrices from an input liststructure.diagramDraw a structural equation model specified by two measurement models and a structural modelspiderMake ’radar’ or ’spider’ plots.superMatrixForm a super matrix from two sub matrices.table2matrixConvert a table with counts to a matrix or data.frame representing those counts.unidimSeveral indices of the unidimensionality of a set of variables.withinBetweenAn example of the distinction between within group and between group correlationstrFind the trace of a square matrixwinsorFind the Winsorized scores, means, sds or variances for a vector, matrix, or data.frametetrachoricTetrachoric, polychoric, biserial and polyserial correlations from various types of inputthurstoneThurstone Case V scalingNo Results!Vignettes of psych Name intro.Rnwoverview.RnwNo Results!Last month downloadsDetailsDate2020-12-14LicenseGPL (>= 2)LazyDatayesByteCompileTRUEURLNeedsCompilationnoPackaged2020-12-16 00:46:41 UTC; WRRepositoryCRANDate/Publication2020-12-16 16:10:03 UTCR Biplot Psychologysuggests GPArotation , graph , lavaan , lme4 , psychTools , Rcsdp , Rgraphviz imports graphics , grDevices , lattice , methods , mnormt , nlme , parallel , stats ContributorsInclude our badge in your READMEHow To Interpret Pca Biplot
[](http://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/psych)
Hi,
I have a prcomp object (generated using the prcomp function) and I am trying to generate a biplot using ggbiplot, however I am confused about the different scaling options and their impact on the meaning of the plot.
scale = covariance biplot (scale = 1), form biplot (scale = 0). When scale = 1, the inner product between the variables approximates the covariance and the distance between the points approximates the Mahalanobis distance.
obs.scale = scale factor to apply to observations
var.scale = scale factor to apply to variablesR Pca Biplot
I am not sure which of these scaling options I should choose for a prcomp object? I have seen lots of people set obs.scale = 1 and var.scale = 1, but I don’t understand the reason for this.R Biplot Psychiatrist
What does the line length and angle actually correspond to in a biplot? I get the general idea that a high value on PC1 indicates that the variable has a strong influence on PC1 whilst a small value indicates a small influence. And that if the arrow is pointing to the right, then that variable has a positive impact on the PC.
The life cycle of sloths of the Genus Choloepus and Genus Bradypus are different. The gestation period for a three toed lasts for 150 days while that of a two toed sloth is about 12 months. Sloths give birth while hanging in the trees. Sloths, members of the order Pilosa and related to anteaters, are some of the world’s slowest mammals. They are categorized in two families: Megalonychidae (two-toed sloths) and Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths). Despite this taxonomic distinction, all sloths have similar life cycles. However, for the most part, three-toed sloths and two-toed sloths have similar life cycles. The life expectancy of a sloth varies among the different types of sloth species, however, on average, most live for about 20 years in the wild, though up to 30 years of age is not unusual. A sloths life cycle. Life cycle of a sloth - SlOTH’S sloths have a gestation of 10-12 months. They typically have one baby at a time, and the baby will cling to its mother for about 6 months, but stays near its mother for about 1 year. Sloths live for about 20 years, but in captivity they can live into their thirties. Newborn sloths cling to the mother’s abdomen and remain with the mother until at least five months of age. Three-toed sloths are so difficult to maintain in captivity that little is known about their breeding behaviour and other aspects of their life history.
Thanks for the help!!
Best wishes,
Lucy
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